PREDECESSORS and SHORT
HISTORY:
Chola disrupted by defeat at the hands of the Delhi Sultanate in 1279.
Portions of the state annexed to Delhi, while other areas fall into the
hands of provincial rulers. Eventually, Vijayanagar ("City of Victory")
emerges as the chief centre of independent Hindu resistance to Muslim
control
of most of India. Rulers were....
- Raja Parakesari (#1)
VIJAYALAYA 848/871, ruled the Chola
country from
Thanjavur having captured it in 848, married and had issue.
He died 871.
- Raja Rajakesari ADITYA I (qv)
- Raja Rajakesari ADITYA I c871/907, extended the Chola
dominions by the
conquest of the Pallavas at
the battle of Sripurambiyam near Kumbakonam about 885AD, ensuring the
end of Pandya power in the south, he also ended Pallava rule in
Tondaimandalam (north Tamil Nadu) and the whole of Pallava kingdom now
became Chola territory, earning him the epithet of Tondainadu-pavina
Rajakesarivarman (Rajakesarivarman who overran Tondainadu), he
next conquered the Kongu country in the south west of Tamil Nadu,
married (a), Rani Tribhuvanamadeviyar [Vayiri Akkan], married (b), Rani
Ilangon Pichchi, and had issue. He died 907 at
Tondaimanarrur.
- Raja Parakesari PARANTAKA I (qv)
- Raja Parakesari PARANTAKA I Viranarayana Virakirti
Vira-Chola Vikrama-Chola Irumadi-Sola Devendran Chakravartin
Panditavatsalan Kunjaramallan Surachulamani 907/950, invaded the Pandya
kingdom in 910, capturing its capital of Madurai, and completing
his conquest of the entire Pandya country, defeated in the north of his
domains by the Rashtrakuta king, married at least eleven wives, amongst
whom were, (a), Rani Udaiya
Pirattiyar
Kokkilan Adigal, daughter of the Chera (Kerala) king Rama Varma of the
Kulasekara dynasty, married (b), Rani Arumoli Nangai, the daughter of
another
Chera king, Paluvettaraiyar Kandan Amuthan ruling from west Paluvur of
the present Tirutchirappalli in Tamil Nadu bordering Kerala, married
(c), Rani Villavan Mathevi, probably the daughter of the Venad King of
the Chera
country, and had issue. He died about 950AD.
- Prince Rajaditya (by Kokkilan Adigal), Co-Regent 947/949,
died vp at the Battle of
Takkolam about 949.
- Raja Rajakesari GANDARADITYA (by Kokkilan Adigal)
(qv)
- Raja Parakesari ARINJAYA (by Arulmoli Nangai) (third son)
(qv)
- Prince Arikulakesari
- Prince Uttamasili, died at an early age.
- Princess Viramadevi
- Raja Rajakesari GANDARADITYA 950/956, a reluctant monarch
who spent more time in religious matters than affairs of state, author
of a Tamil
Hymn on Siva of the Chidambaram Temple, married (a), Rani
Viranaraniyar, married (b), Rani Udaiyapirattiyar [Madevadigalar
Sembiyan Madeviyar], died about 1001, and had
issue. He died about 956.
- Raja Parakesari MADHURANTAKA UTTAMA (by Udaiyapirattiyar)
(qv)
- Raja Parakesari ARINJAYA 956/957, possibly a co-regent
before 956, married (a), Rani Kalyani, a princess from the clan of
Vaidumbas, married (b), Rani Viman Kundaviyar, died after 957, married
(c), Rani Athithan Kothai
Piratiyar, died after 957, daughter
of the Chera king, Indukothai Ravi Varma, and had issue. He died 957 at
Arrur.
- Raja Rajakesari PARANTAKA II [Sundara] (by Kalyani) (qv)
- Raja Rajakesari PARANTAKA II [Sundara] 957/970, defeated
the Pandya king at the Battle of Chevur in 959, though was unable to
deliver a final blow, he regained Tondaimandalam and pushed the Chola
frontiers
north of Kanchipuram, married (a), Rani Udaya
Piratiyar Thambiranadigal
Vanavanmatheviyar [Thiribhuvanamatheviyar], the daughter of the
Malaiyaman
king of Thirukkovalur in Thondainadu, committed sati in 970, married (b), Rani
Paranthahan Theviammanar,
daughter
of a Chera king, died 1001, and had issue. He died 970 in Kanchipuram.
- Raja Aditya II Karikala, possibly Co-Regent 957/969,
assasinated vp around 969AD.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJARAJA I DEVA [Arunmoli Varman] (third
child) (by Vanavanmatheviyar) (qv)
- Princess Kundavi (by Vanavanmatheviyar), married
Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar. She died after 1014.
- Raja Parakesari MADHURANTAKA UTTAMA 970/985, still very
young at his father's death, he was set aside in favour of his cousin,
fought battles in Pandyas and the Sinhalas in Sri Lanka, married (a),
Rani Panchavanmathevi, daughter of
Paluvettaraiyar
Kandan Maravan, the Chera king of Paluvur on the west of
Thirutchirappalli
bordering Kerala state, married (b), Rani Sorabbaiyar, married (c),
Rani Tribhuvana-Mahadeviyar, married (d), Rani Kaduvettigal, married
(e), Rani Nandippottairaiyar, a Pallava Princess, married (f), Rani
Siddhavadavan Suttiyar, a relative of Vikramasola-Miladudaiyar, King of
Miladu, and had issue. He died 985.
- Prince Madurantaka Gandaraditya Chola, served as an
official in Rajaraja’s court.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJARAJA I DEVA Mummudi-Chola 985/1014,
installed on the throne in July 985, he conquered the whole of southern
India, and the Chola empire extended as
far as Sri Lanka in the south and Kalinga (Orissa) in the north,
invaded Sri Lanka in 993, destroying the capital and defeating its
king, invaded the territory of the Ganga king, which was brought under
under Chola rule, he created a powerful army and navy and reorganized
civil administration, married
(a), Rani Villavanmathevi, daughter of the king of
Venadu
of Chera country, married (b), Rani Lokamahadevi, married (c),
Rani Cholamahadevi, married (d), Rani Trailokyamahadevi, married (e),
Rani Abhimanavalli, married (f), Rani Iladamadeviyar (Latamahadevi),
married (g), Rani Prithivimahadevi, and had issue. He died 1014.
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA I Choladeva (by Lokamahadevi)
(qv)
- Princess Madevadigal
- Rani Kundavi, married Raja
VIMALADITYA, Eastern
Chalukya
ruler of Vengi.
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA I Choladeva Gangaikonda Chola
1014/1044, Co-Regent
1012/1014, invaded Sri Lanka in 1018, capturing the Crown jewels and
taking the Lanka king prisoner with his family, defeated the Western
Chalukya ruler at the Battle of Maski in 1022, and later again in 1031,
attacked the king of Srivijaya and defeated him in a naval battle in
1025, defeated
the Chera King, and assumed the title of Mudikonda Cholan,
married
(a), Rani Panchavanmathevi, daughter of the Chera king Paluvettariyar,
married
(b), Rani Vananvanmadevi, daughter of the Malaiyaman king of Kovalur,
married (c), Rani Tribhuvana Mahadeviyar, married (d), Rani Viramadevi,
committed sati in 1044,
married (e), Rani Mukkokilan, and had
issue. He died 1044.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJADHIRAJA I (qv)
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA II DEVA (qv)
- Manukulakesari, Chola Keralan, appointed as the
Chola viceroy to
rule the captured Kudamalai Nadu of the Kerala country. He died during
the Chola-Chalukya war c1023.
- Raja Rajakesari
VIRARAJENDRA (qv)
- Princess Arulmolinangayar
- Rani Ammangadevi, married about 1022, Rajaraja Narendra,
died 1064, Eastern Chalukya Ruler of Vengi, and had issue.
- Raja Rajakesari KULOTTUNGA CHOLA I [Rajendra
Chalukya] (see below)
- Raja Rajakesari RAJADHIRAJA I Vijayarajendra Virarajendra
Varman Ahavamally
Kulantaka Kalyanapurangondachola 1018/1054, Co-Regent
1018/1044, defeated the Western Chalukya forces
in a battle at Dannada on the river Krishna, married Rani Trilokyam Udaiyar, and had issue,
two sons (names unknown). He died at the Battle of Koppam in 1054.
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA II DEVA 1054/1063, Heir Apparent
and Co-Regent
1052/1054, proclaimed himself king on the
Koppam battlefield after his victory in 1054 against the Chalukya army,
married Rani Kilanandigal, and had issue. He died
1063.
- Rajamahendra, installed as Heir Apparent in 1059,
Co-Regent 1059/1062, possibly died vp.
- Princess Madhurantaki
- Raja Rajakesari
VIRARAJENDRA 1063/1070, fought and killed the king of Pottapi in Kerala
country, also
had to suppress a rebellion in the Pandya territories, and fought a
number of battles with the Western Chalukya rulers successfully, then
proceeded to conquer
the entire Eastern Chalukya kingdom, and to defeat Kalinga who had been
in
alliance with the Western Chalukyas, married Rani Arulmolinangai, and
had
issue. he died 1070.
- Raja Parakesari ADHIRAJENDRA (qv)
- Prince Madhurantaka, appointed as viceroy of
Tondaimandalam
with the title of Cholebdra’.
- Prince Gangaikondachola, viceroy of the Pandya
territories. (one of these sons was later installed as Raja Parakesari
ADHIRAJENDRA).
- Daughter, married Raja VIKRAMADITYA II, a Western
Chalukya ruler.
- Rani Rajasundari, married a King of Kalinga, and had
issue.
- Raja Anantavarman Chodaganga of Kalinga,
defeated by Raja Kulottunga Chola in 1110AD.
- Raja Parakesari ADHIRAJENDRA 1070 (for a few months)
(Co-Regent
1067/1070), last
male heir, his short reign was marked by civil unrest in which he was
killed, married and had issue. He died 1070.
- Raja Rajakesari KULOTTUNGA CHOLA I [Rajendra Chalukya]
1070/1122,
son of
Raja Rajaraja Narendra Chalukya and maternal great-grandson
of RAJARAJA I, an eastern Chalukya prince,
allied himself with the Cholas in battle against the Western Vhalukya
ruler, Raja Vikramaditya, for which he earned the title of Virudurajabhayankara, annexed the
southern part of
Kalinga to the Chola kingdom in about 1110, towards the end of his
reign he lost Vengi to the Western Chalukya ruler, as well as other
areas to the Hoysala ruler, married before 1070, (a), Rani Madurantaki,
died before 1110, daughter of Rajendra Chola I, married (b), Rani
Thyagavalli, married (c), Rani Elisai Vallabhi, married (d), Rani
Trilokya Mahadevi, married (e), Rani Kadavan Mahadevi, a Pallava
Princess, married (f), Rani Kampamadevi, married (g), Rani Adittan
Adakuttiyar, and had issue. He died 1122.
- Rajaraja Mummadi Choda, Viceroy
of
Vengi 1076/1077.
- Rajaraja Vira Choda, Viceroy of
Vengi 1077/1084.
- Rajaraja Choda Ganga, Viceroy of
Vengi 1084/1089.
- Raja Parakesari VIKRAMA Chola (by Madurantaki) (fourth
son) (qv)
- Princess Suttamalli, married into the Lanka Royal Family.
- Princess Pillayar Amanangai Alvar
- Raja Parakesari VIKRAMA Chola 1122/1135, Viceroy of
Vengi 1089/1118, appointed Heir Apparent and Co-Regent on 29th June
1118, he was partially successful in regaining
some of the territories lost by his father, ended
Western Chalukya supremacy south of Krishna River at the Battle of
Manneru, a great benefactor of temples, earning the title of Tyagasamudra (ocean of sacrifice), married (a), Rani Mukkokilan, married (b),
Rani Tyagapataka, married (c), Rani Neriyan Madeviyar, and had issue.
He died 1135.
- Raja Rajakesari KULOTTUNGA CHOLA II (qv)
- Daughter, married (name
unknown), and had issue.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJADHIRAJA II (qv)
- Raja Rajakesari KULOTTUNGA CHOLA II Anapaya Tirunirruchola
1135/1150, Heir Apparent and Co-Regent 1133/1135, enjoyed a generally
peaceful reign, only needing to restore Chola control over the Northern
Vengi territories, married (a), Rani Tyagavalli [Buvanamulududaiyal],
the chief queen, married (b), Rani Mukkokilan, a
princess of the family of Malaiyaman, and had issue. He died 1150.
- Raja Parakesari RAJARAJA II (qv)
- Raja Parakesari RAJARAJA II 1150/1173, Heir Apparent and
Co-Regent 1146/1150, during his reign local chiefs began to grow in
power and influence with the central administration losing efective
control, particularly over the outlying areas, furthermore Chola
influence was weakened in Pandya territory due to a succession dispute
there, married (a), Rani Avanimulududaiyal, married (b), Rani
Bhuvanimulududiyal, married (c), Rani Ulagudai Mukkokilan. He died sp 1173.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJADHIRAJA II 1173/1178, Heir Apparent and
Co-Regent 1163/1173, responsible for the gradual erosion of Chola
authority in Pandya lands, died 1178.
- Raja Parakesari KULOTTUNGA CHOLA III 1178/1218, installed
on the throne on 8th July 1178, son of Prince Sangamaraja, who is
otherwise unknown, renowned for his patronage of art and literature,
campaigned successfully three times against the Pandya rulers, in 1182,
1187 and 1212, however towards
the end of his reign in 1216/1217, he was defeated by the Pandya ruler
and made subordinate to Pandya rule, married and had issue. He died in
1218.
- Raja Rajakesari RAJARAJA III (qv)
- Raja Rajakesari RAJARAJA III 1218/1260, an incompetent
king, his reign was a period of continuous trouble and was
characterised by growing revolt and
conflicts, and he was unable to deal with the situation, with the
Pandyas in the south and the Hoysalas in the west growing in power,
with the latter being the eventual victors, he married and had issue.
He died 1260.
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA IV (qv)
- Raja Parakesari RAJENDRA IV 1260/1279, Heir Apparent and
Co-Regent 1246/1260, last Chola ruler, he was unable to capitalize on
early successes against the Pandya rulers after 1250, and by 1258 the
Chola rulers were under Pandya control, in 1279 the Chola and Hoysala
armies were both defeated by the Pandya king and the empire was finally
absorbed into the Pandyan kingdom, he married Rani Cholakulamadeviyar.
He died 1279?
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