Designed & best viewed in 800
x 600 Resolution
The Compassionate Friends
Brisbane Newsletter![]()
August September 2007
Please browse amongst our pages but below
are links
to various articles just in case you want
to read a specific item.
| Help Us Continue our valued work | Shannon | A Father's Grief |
| A Witness To Resurrection | How Long? | Nothing but Memories |
| Grieving your own way | The Loss | Riding the Waves |
| Keeping Memories Alive |
Sign
Our Guestbook
View
Our Guestbook
Thank you
your thoughts are most welcome .
We acknowledge with gratitude all
contributions to this newsletter.
Please report any comments or problems
with this web site to SmithJ@uq.net.auNoSpam
Shannon
Written by Brian Byrne, Father of Shannon Byrne
29/6/76—17/12/95
Lovingly lifted from TCF Qld Anthology, 20th Anniversary Commemoration, May
2005
Some teenagers may look rough or wild,
But don't forget each is someone's child.
We worry about exams, police and how they drive,
But we should celebrate their goodness while they are alive.
We compare with peers and say "you can do that too",
But we should be happy with the good things they do.
Shannon was not one to act like the norm,
He acted the rebel, rather than conform.
But under the shell he was sensitive and deep,
Shannon grieved Aiden's death, but refused to weep.
Our family came closer after that fatality,
And we lived every minute as we accepted mortality.
We enjoyed each other's feelings over the years
And shared our joys, triumphs and tears.
Shannon loved life and liked to party
And banked his money to buy a Harley.
We know the Shannon who washed up for his mother,
Mowed the lawn and played with his young brother.
He shared everything air-conditioned room to motor bike,
And his loud music, which some don't like.
We may have debated rules, right or wrong,
But we agreed on Harley's and the odd song.
After a disagreement we wiped the slate,
And when it was over, he was like a mate.
When teenagers go out, parents are concerned,
And we considered it a bonus when they returned.
So we enjoy our children's happiness, troubles and fears,
and we'll still enjoy Shannon's memories, the last 19 years.
Back to Index

A Father's Grief
By Bob Rosenberger, TCF
South Africa
Taken from TCF Qld Newsletter August/September 1996
“How can I be thankful … for what he was?
The pain of NO MORE outweighs
The gratitude of the ONCE was.
Will it always be so?”
From “Lament For A Son” by Nicholas Wolterstoff.
How does a father grieve? Is the process different from that
of a mother? I believe we fathers feel the same emotions, but it is how we experience
these emotions and how we deal with them that can differ greatly from a mother’s
grief experience. Men may be articulate, even garrulous, but women are expressive.
Many men prefer to talk about ideas; women feel comfortable discussing feelings.
Yet grief is about emotions and feelings and how to work through them; it is
not about ideas.
To complicate matters further, a lot of working through of grief involves communication.
Most men, however, don’t know how or are reluctant, to talk about their feelings.
Men are conditioned not to show feelings but to stifle them. We build a shell,
layer after layer, as a defence against the bumps and bruises of boyhood, the
hurt limbs, and the hurt feelings. For many of us, this is the perspective from
which we must confront our grief.
Men are conditioned to ignore pain, to tough it out, to be a “good trooper”.
As E.E. Cummings wrote, we “put on a face to meet the faces that we meet”. In
our culture, the notion that a man’s pain should be endured alone derives from
the male ethos that goes back to the ancient Greeks. This tradition has been
manifested in many ways: the British stiff upper lip, the athlete who plays
on in pain, and the little boy who must act like a big boy when he’s hurt. These
values have become male character traits. Thus when a father is confronted with
the death of his child, his first instinctive reaction is that he must not show
his pain or cry. And when asked, as fathers frequently are, about how his wife
is doing, he is amazed that no-one realizes he is barely holding himself together.
What do men do with pain they cannot shrug off? We keep up appearances long
enough to quietly slip away to nurse our wounds in solitary silence. It’s so
hard to go against custom and habit. Men of my generation may try to ignore
the pain, but the death of a child results in a level of pain that is impossible
to ignore. So we acknowledge it, and then we try to carry on. Even in the business
world, men are not granted leave to recover from a loss. We’re expected to observe
the rituals of mourning and then throw ourselves back into our work, put up
a good front, and continue to function at a light level of concentration and
dedication. I carried this expectation to a ridiculous level.
When I learned my son died, I flew out to the city where my son was attending
college and made the necessary arrangements. Then I called my boss to let him
know that we would be staying over one night and I would be back to work the
next day!
Grief is a label attached to such a myriad of emotions that it is impossible
to identify all of them adequately, or describe their intensity. For me, anger
was probably the most intense emotion I experienced. As a parent, I expected
to protect my family; and as a man, I expected always to be in control. The
sense of helplessness I experienced and the lack of control over events overwhelmed
me. For months I carried a white-hot anger. Why couldn't they save him? Why
wasn’t I there? While I experienced the most intense emotions of my life, it
was difficult for me to communicate and share these feelings. It was even more
difficult to recognize that I needed to reach out for help.
Anger was not the only intense emotion I experienced. Guilt consumed me. Why
wasn’t I a better father when Bryan was alive? Why didn’t I spend more time
with him? How could I have allowed my career to infringe on time with my children?
I always seemed to be looking forward towards the future, rather than experiencing
the present. Perhaps this issue is particularly significant for fathers who
invest so much of their time and energy focused on the future, preparing a child’s
way, too often deferring activities with the family. Mothers, it seems to me,
spend more time with the children, experiencing the here and now—the present.
In other words, the death of a child for a mother is the loss of the present,
for a father it is a loss of the future compounded by a loss of direction. We
are left floundering, unfocused, and feeling guilty. These regrets flooded over
me until my brother said, “Bobby, you are tormenting yourself with guilt, but
you were a good father to Bryan. You did the best you could.”
These intense, unfamiliar feelings and unanswered questions created a tangled
web of feelings and emotions that gradually changed the fabric of my life. Soon
I was grappling with the “if only” and playing the “might have beens” over and
over in my mind in a vain attempt to change the outcome of events over which
I had no control. Feelings of failure and hopelessness left me with an incredible
emptiness. Depression swept over me. As T.S. Eliot said, “We are the hollow
men”. I was immobilized. My feelings and emotions were raw and close to the
surface. Nicholas Wolterstoff again expressed this so well: “But I have been
assaulted, and in the assault wounded, grievously wounded. Am I to pretend otherwise?
Wounds are ugly, I know. They repel. But must they always be swathed?”
So where do men go for succor in their pain? Where can we turn for support?
As youngsters we tend to have many group experiences. We join clubs, sports
teams, the army, and fraternities. Men enjoy the experience of “esprit de corps”,
but there are limits as to what is acceptable. It’s okay to talk about some
of the common problems, like a damp basement, an increase in the variable mortgage,
and even, superficially, concerns about children. But in this kind of custom-limited
camaraderie, there are built-in rules that conversation be kept light. No heavy
stuff allowed. You can talk about your daughter dating a SOB but not about your
son dying in an emergency room. The first allows a response, the second is a
show-stopper.
“We are healed from suffering only by experiencing it to the full.” Marcel Proust.
Most men don’t know how to offer each other support. We can be struck dumb in
the face of deep, raw emotion. Friends and family members may try to avoid us,
but how can we run from the death of a child? Some of my friends did; so did
members of my church and my pastor. I remember one friend, however, who met
me where I was emotionally and encouraged me to talk while he simply listened.
That was all he did, just listened, but it was such a comfort. I also found
support at Compassionate Friends meetings. My wife and I attended our first
meeting about three months after Bryan’s death, but it was almost my last. There
were no other fathers attending that evening! It was several meetings later,
however, with fathers in attendance, that I first came to understand how much
comfort bereaved fathers could offer each other.
Before my son’s death, there were times when I felt I had to have all the answers.
Now I’m not sure I even know the questions. Wolterstoff writes “And now I know
about helplessness—of what to do when there is nothing to do. I have learned
coping”. In addition, I’m learning how to turn outward from within myself. For
too many years, like other men I stifled my deepest feelings, repressed my emotions
and perhaps, as a result, postponed my grief work. So, how does a bereaved father
begin healing?
There is an old saying that has some truth “The only way out is through”. Thus
the first step is to acknowledge the grief and to recognize that the road is
tough and long. Perhaps communication is the key. Talking about what has happened
and what we are feeling is the way to get started. Acknowledging grief and beginning
to share is a first step. Then, a man must choose his path. We cannot lock in
on our guilt, our regrets, and our anger. We have to try to find some meaning
in life beyond our grief.
In the five years since Bryan’s death, grief has been like learning to climb
a mountain. The slope is steep and often slippery and the air is thinner the
higher I venture. But as I work my way up, my muscles grow stronger. Periodically
I turn to look down at the life I led and become aware of how that old life
diminishes with distance and time.
My perspective has changed. What drove me before, what seemed too god-awful
important to me, has shifted in focus to my family, my work with TCF, and my
work with children. How did I know when I was finally beginning to heal? It
was simply this: when I first thought of the joy of Bryan’s life, rather than
the pain of his death. Maybe in a year or so I’ll know what the other side of
the mountain is like.
Originally re-printed from the Newsletter of TCF Sth Africa, June, 1993.

A Witness To
Resurrection
By Sister Madeline
Contorno, Birmingham, Alabama Bereavement Mag, Jan/Feb 1997
Bad things happen to good people every day. Tragedy is an all-too-familiar experience,
whether it is the sudden death of an infant, the suicide of a teenager, or advanced
cancer in a young mother with three children. Tragedy has a way of touching
the life of every person, saint and sinner alike, and frequently it overwhelms
even the most faith-filled of people. How are people of faith to approach the
pain of life?
As a hospice pastoral minister and social worker for the last several years,
I have grappled with the meaning of suffering and death. I have witnessed the
effects of suffering on the lives of hundreds of dying patients and their families.
I am convinced there are no satisfying answers to why people must experience
so much pain. But there are unique, personal, noble responses to suffering that
people have taught me that have uplifted me, comforted me, strengthened my faith.
No one can prevent tragedy. No one can be protected from tragedy. No one is
exempt. But I believe that deep inside each human person is a power that can
redeem tragedy. Time and again I have witnessed how people’s response to suffering
bears testimony to the power of resurrection within them.
People dealing with tragedy often ask, “Why me … Why my family?” Denial, anger,
depression, confusion and guilt are natural responses to hurt. All too frequently
there may also be bitterness, withdrawal, conflict, resentment, hostility. But
in the greater number of cases, I have found heroic courage, humility, tenderness
and greatness of heart in people struggling with suffering. Their responses
continually amaze me.
People somehow found a way to allow their pain to make them better people, they
allow their pain to bring them closer to God. I have witnessed a power released
within suffering people that is almost tangible. I witness this power again
and again, and the reality of it brings me to my knees. The power seems to reside
in the ability to surrender, to trust that the unknown future still holds something
good, despite the pain and heartache of the present. This choice, this instinct
to trust and somehow transcend the darkness, seems to be embedded in the human
spirit, and was voiced by the Psalmist: “Surely goodness and mercy shall follow
me all the days of my life”. (Psalm 23:6).
Whereas tragedy can and does rob people of their most cherished life treasures,
I see people of faith responding to tragedy by allowing God to take control.
I see people acknowledge their powerlessness over the situation and yet they
maintain their courage. They sense God’s power within them as they struggle,
and they implicitly recognize that God will remain with them until the end:
“I know the plans I have in mind for you, says the Lord … plans for peace, not
disaster, reserving a future full of hope for you. (Jeremiah 29:11).
The French artist, Renoir, once said, “Pain passes, but beauty remains.” So
often this is the unspoken, but lived response of people who face suffering
with faith. Despite the harshness of pain, there is the triumphant hope that
life can still be gracious and beautiful and worthwhile.
How do people of faith approach the tragedies of life? Not by avoiding pain,
or denying it, or explaining it away. People of faith accept life as it is,
surrendering to life's limitations, softening its blows with gentle strength
and courageous trust. People of faith ask God to make them strong in all the
broken places. People of faith allow the power of resurrection to take hold
of their lives.
We Want So
Much To Know, “How Long?”
by Mary Ehmann, TCF Valley Forge, USA—lovingly lifted from TCF Qld Newsletter
Aug/Sep 1997.
Something came up at a recent meeting that I feel is worth discussing, because
it might be some of the thoughts that are going through the minds of others.
A man voiced his uneasiness at the fact that so many people were talking about
such a variety of emotions, many of which he had not felt. He also thought you
would start at the bottom, work your way up, and that is that. Also what worried
him was that some of the people there were one year, two years, and even more,
down the road and were still there. He had been searching for a time table and
didn’t seem to find one here. At the time of our meeting it had been about 6
weeks since his child’s death.
Those are not abnormal thoughts (few are) for that time, or even longer. We
want so much to know “how long”. If we are not feeling the various emotions
or feelings we hear expressed, are we abnormal? To want to know “how long” frequently
comes out of desperation. We want this “nightmare” to stop. The thought that
we might get to “feel worse” later on, is frightening, and we wonder, is it
necessary? Since we are not able to fully relate to the things we are hearing,
people we are meeting, could being in this surrounding make us worse? Truthfully,
the answer is no!
There is no answer to “how long”. Perhaps it would make it a little easier if
we could put it into a time frame, like an illness or an injury. If we had that
goal on which to focus, we might be able to pace ourselves. Having that focus,
the end in sight, could be reassuring. It is looking into the unknown that is
so frightening. But the truth of it is, we can’t. Everyone is different, so
will be their timetable. As we start out, there is no way for us to know what
ours will be. To try to put one on ourselves is really making it harder. Unless
you have gone through the loss of a child before, this is a completely new experience.
You will not be able to accurately measure it against anything you went through
before. For those of us who have come through “the valley” will tell you, unanimously,
take one day at a time, do not put unrealistic expectations on yourself. The
fact that you have come to a meeting is an important first step. You are reaching
out for help and want to understand what this type of grief is all about. You
have made the commitment to yourself and your family you are going to do all
you can to get through it. AND YOU WILL. To be willing to face into your pain,
to FEEL your pain, takes a lot of courage. It is not the easy way, but, it is
the best way, really, the only way for a healthy “recovery”. But, you will find
it is not a straight line upward. Your emotions, and reactions will be much
like a roller coaster. Up and down. One day, two steps forward, next day, maybe
one step back, next day, three steps forward, and so on. You may even have some
days you feel you have slipped all the way back. But, you really haven’t. It
was a momentary big slip backwards. We all have had them. You won’t stay here.
You will start to climb again!
To address the question—why are there people who are still coming after one,
two or more years? First of all, let me, personally, say, thank God we are!
Can you imagine a meeting with everyone there being in the initial months? The
one very important thing from which we draw strength is being able to look at,
and talk to others who have been through these earlier stages, and made it.
They may have further to go, but, they got this far, and you will see them as
they progress even further. Role models are absolutely essential. It is so important
to see people laugh, feel at ease, and most of all helping others. Something
they could never have done at the beginning of their grief. And, by being there
for others, they are also getting help themselves. It is in giving that we really
receive. After coming through an experience like this, one of the changes almost
everyone notices is their desire to help others through it, empathy for others,
in general, is much stronger. It is a terrible price to pay for this very good
trait, but we had no choice in what happened to us. We do have a choice in helping
ourselves and others through it, however. We, in TCF will do all we can to do
just that.

Back to Index

I Have Nothing
but Memories to Replay Over And Over in My Mind
Grant Coles
and Lesley, TCF, WA, “Reflections”, Dec 06, Vol 25 No 4
My name is Grant … 3 years ago I tragically lost my only child Natasha in a
work related accident … I need not tell you how her loss has devastated my life
… She was 20 years old with all of her future ahead of her and never in my most
horrible dreams did I ever think that one day she would go to work as normal
and a few hours later I would be standing in a morgue identifying her and holding
her in my arms and questioning life itself and WHY ME … The night before we
were planning her 21st party and laughing and hugging and kissing her goodnight
only to have her taken away from myself and her step mum Lesley in a blink of
an eye … Only then did I think about how fragile life is and how we take our
loved ones for granted. Everyday I would read about and watch on the news families
losing their loves ones and never thinking it would happen to me … I loved her
so much—she was my everything, she was my Tasha and now I have nothing but memories
to replay over and over in my mind and photos to constantly cry over and an
empty bedroom to sit in where I try to savor every piece of my life I spent
with her—my darling Tasha …
How many times have I been told “It’s OK Grant—time heals” … Well it’s BULLSHIT
… I will only heal when I am no longer here as well and for all those parents
out there you know exactly where I am coming from !!!! … We all have good days
but they are few and far between but she is the first thought in my life everyday
and she is always the last thought at night and so much of the in-between …
But I am so grateful to The Compassionate Friends who are parents like myself
and Lesley who are always here if ever we need that extra shoulder to lean on
… Thank you so much …

Grieving your own way![]()
By Michele Aprias, Bay Area, TX TCF Chapter,
Re-printed from TCF Qld Newsletter, August/September, 1996
Each of us is an individual. Each of us grieves in his or her own way. With
certain variations, there are generally two types of grieving; outward and inward.
The person who grieves outwardly will seek comfort through friends and relatives,
books and articles and support groups such as Compassionate Friends. The outward
griever may feel the need to go over the events of the death again and again,
or keep the child’s memory alive in special ways. The inward griever reacts
quite the opposite. He or she may refuse to discuss either the child or the
death. This silence may be misconstrued as a form of denial or indifference.
Each of these grieving reactions is quite natural depending on the personality
of the individual. The problems arise when spouses are at opposite ends of the
scale. The father who is an inward griever may become angry when his wife introduces
the name of the dead child into a conversation. The mother who is an outward
griever may believe her husband didn’t love the child as much as she did because
he keeps his emotions in check.
The death of a child is a traumatic experience and we expect others to react
in the same way we do. If our spouses’ grieving pattern differs from our own,
misunderstandings may arise causing anger and resentment.
The first way to ease the tensions that arise in a marriage when a child dies
is to realize that husband and wife are each entitled to grieve inn their own
way. Simply understanding that your partner is reacting in a normal way for
his or her own personality type will reduce your own anxiety. Grief is enough
of a burden without feeling guilty because your emotions differ.
The second step towards healing is to recognize your own personality type. Are
you an outward or an inward griever? If you are an outward griever, do not hesitate
to seek support from outside sources. If you want to talk about your grief and
your spouse refuses to discuss it, find a friend or group that will allow you
to express your feelings.
If you are an inward griever, do not feel ashamed or guilty because you cannot
bear to discuss your child’s death. If the subject comes up in a conversation
and you don’t want to participate, simply excuse yourself from the group and
busy yourself with another task. If you do not mind listening but do not want
to take part directly, then listen and brush aside direct questions.
The most important thing to remember is that you have to grieve in the way that
is right for you. Grief over the death of a child can be likened to drowning
in a swimming pool. Each of you are struggling to keep your heads above water.
To add to the dilemma, you are swimming in opposite directions. There is no
way you can save each other. Attempting to do so will only drag you both under.
You have to concentrate on saving yourself through whatever means possible.
The healing of grief is an individual process. Respecting the fact that your
spouse’s healing process differs from your own will reduce the strain on both
of you. Treasure the moments when you are able to share your grief, but at the
same time, allow each other the room to grieve individually, whatever way it
may be.
The Loss![]()
Lifted from Bridget’s Book of Angelic Verse Author of Heaven Waits
What parent doesn’t wake in fright,
In the middle of the night
When a child is not in bed
Past the curfew that they said?
Then the knock upon the door,
Touches nerves already raw.
Knowing what you’re going to hear
Every parent’s dreaded fear.
At the parties tempting fate,
Driving with a drunken mate
Taking chances whilst they’re young,
In the guise of having fun.
They forgot to say goodbye,
Didn’t know that they would die
Thought that death was for the old
Wouldn’t listen won’t be told.
So the parents torn with grief
Hear the news with disbelief
One less child around the place
Mealtimes see that empty space.
For a time, they cannot cope
Lose their faith, abandon hope
Then one day a voice so dear
Mum and Dad, I’m very near.
Submitted in loving memory of Mark Andrew Van Raalte
29.3.75 - 2.9.93
on the 14th Anniversary of his death.
Loved and missed every day by your ever loving family,
Mum, Dad, Tanya, Dean, Joshua, Georgina, Karen, Nathan, Tyler and Ella xxxxx
Back to Index

Riding the Waves
By Ramona Lyddon, Chester, California, Bereave Mag July/Aug, 1997
I feel as if I have been body surfing in the ocean, cruising at the top of the
wave, enjoying the ride—then suddenly, being body-slammed into the sand. Unable
to move, the waves rush over me, pounding and crashing onto me. Occasionally,
the tide recedes, and I lay breathless on the wet, sandy shore.
I cannot move. I wiggle my toes, squint, open my eyes and see the rest of the
shoreline. While my view is obscured by my tears, the salty sea, my straggly
hair and my prone position, there is some daylight. Just as I prepare to roll
over, and maybe get to me knees, the waves of grief lap at my toes and suddenly
crash upon me once more. Unable to withstand the power of the waves, I fall
to the beach once again.
Finally, the tide recedes again, but I still cannot move. I am bone tired from
my past efforts. I am aware of noise around me. I can hear the chirping birds,
and the warm sun. The laughter of children beckons me to once again open my
eyes. Helping hands are touching me, encouraging me to rise up. Gentle hands
soothe me with their light touch. Warm hugs embrace me. It feels good, for a
while … until the voices drift on down shore, leaving me alone with the setting
sun.
I marvel at the beauty and thank God for His presence. It becomes dark again.
The wind blows in, bringing dark clouds and a chill to the air. I shiver, and
the sense of calm and peace is not so reassuring. The tide is at my ankles,
and my toes sink into the sand. I can do this. I can stand up against this set
of waves—maybe. Or, maybe it’s easier to lie down and let them roll over me.
Better yet, I wade out further, a little deeper, challenging the waves of grief.
And then—surprise—I lie down and float. The waves roll under me, crashing harmlessly
on the shore. As I float, I look up at the rising moon. The waves lull me to
sleep in the moonlight. Maybe, just maybe, I will rest well.
Maybe, I can ride these waves. Maybe a new, sunny day is coming.
Back to Index
![]()
Keeping Memories
Alive
by Paul Debono, Indianapolis, Indiana, Bereavement Mag Feb 1992
In 1986, my brother died of a rare blood disease called aplastic anemia.
I think about Matt often.
One of the ways that I have learned to become comfortable with Matt’s no longer
being here might seem kind of funny to some people. During the last days of
my brother’s life, as he was apportioning his belongings to friends and family,
Matt said me, “I want you to have my bike.”
“Thanks, great,” I said; then added, “You know that fishing pole?”
“I want you to have that too,” Matt said.
Now, I would always have something to remember Matt by. Later, while my mom
was going through Matt's things, she would ask me, “Do you need a sweater? How
about a nice pair of shoes? I think they’ll fit. Matt’s shoes are only about
a half-size bigger. What about this necktie?”
Though I respected the special power I believed Matt’s fishing pole had, when
it came to wearing his old neckties, jogging shoes and T-shirts, I felt a little
bit strange at first. Hadn’t someone once said, “Don’t get caught in a dead
man’s shoes”? I guess in the back of my mind I thought maybe we should keep
Matt’s personal articles intact as a memorial.
Then, I realized I was just being silly; I could really use some of the articles.
We wouldn’t want to hold on to all of Matt’s things anyway, so I let myself
get comfortable in some of his old clothes. Matt’s clothes were just like my
own, but they gave me a slight feeling of his presence. I also think it helped
me get a sense of my own mortality.
"Today, in this world, I’m wearing these clothes; but tomorrow, who knows?”
Last year, at home, I discovered some of Matt’s books about architecture. Not
only did I feel his presence, I also saw myself carrying out something he would
have wanted to do. In the same spirit, I once built a bookcase with lumber—the
kind of thing Matt would have gladly done for me, had he been here.
I am secretly hoping that I will be able to complete some larger project that
Matt would have wanted to accomplish—I don’t know exactly what. Perhaps I will
build my own house or design something. Whatever I feel guided to do, I know
that I want to wholeheartedly embrace those spiritual and material gifts that
were left to me. To seek out some activity that I think Matt would have wanted
to do has helped me cope with his dying.
My father, mother, brother and two sisters have also gained from embracing their
inheritances of Matt.
I’m sure you’ll agree, there is nothing funny about it.
| The Compassionate Friends supports and cares for thousands of people worldwide each year following the death of a child. Ultimately we wish we could prevent death from occurring... then we would still have our beloved children with us, but sadly we can't. Please help to support our organisation so we may continue to care and support the many families who face the most devastating loss of all...... the loss of a child. |
Thank you very much for all donations made
to TCF.
They are very greatly appreciated!!!
Donations of $2 and over are tax
deductible.
Sign
Our Guestbook
View
Our Guestbook
This site has been accessed
Times
Please report any comments or problems
with this web site to SmithJ@uq.net.auNO SPAM
Back to Index